Classification of bacteria

Classification of bacteria Bacteria Bacteria is a broad term for a famous type of single-celled micro organisms, There are thousands of species of bacteria. They actually have their own domain, which is called Bacteria. Domain is a new set of groups (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.). Bacteria is a Group of microscopic, single-celled microorganisms that inhabit virtually all environments, including water, soil, organic matters, and the bodies of plants and animals. Bacteria are distinguished in part by their genetic and morphological features; for instance, they may have spiral, spherical or rod like shapes. Bacteria are so widespread that it is possible only to make the most general statements about their life history and ecology. Bacteria are found on the tops of high mountains, the bottom of the deepest oceans, in the body of animals, and even in the frozen ice. Their ability to go dormant for an extended period is the main reason of their wide spread Gram satin: Bacteria can be divided into two main groups, gram-positive or gram-negative, based on the structure of their cell wall and their reaction to thegram stain. The cell walls of the gram-positive bacteria are very thick and consists of peptidoglycan ( a complex polymer that consist of 2 unusual types of amino sugars linked to short polypeptides.while, gram-negative bacteria, their cell walls are consist of 2 layers: a thin peptidoglycan wall and a thick outer membrane.(the outer membrane actually resembles the plasma membrane but it is less permeable and composed of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), a harmful substance classified as an endotoxin) Falgella: Many bacteria swim by means of flagella which is composed of flagellin protein and it is responsible for the motility of the bacteria, bacteria may have a single flagellum at one pole(monotricate) or single flagellum at each pole(amphitricate) or as tuft of flagella at one or both poles (lophotricate) or may be disturbed over the entire cell(periticate).Bacteria with no flagella is called atricate bacteria. DNA: Bacterias DNA isnt found within amembrane inclosed neucles they are usually found in a single circularchromosomeand is distributed throughout thecytoplasm. Respiration: Most bacteria may be placed into one of three groups based on their response to gaseous oxygen,whether its aerobic, anaerobic or facultative anarobe. Aerobic bacteria are those how can survive only in the presences of oxygen. Anaerobic bacteria cannot tolerate gaseous oxygen, such as those bacteria which live in deep underwater sediments, or those which cause bacterial food poisoning. The third group are thefacultative anaerobes, which prefer growing in the presence of oxygen, but can continue to grow without it. Sources of energy: Bacteria may also be classified both by the mode by which they obtain their energy. Classified by the source of their energy, bacteria fall into two categories: heterotrophs and autotrophs Heterotrophs derive energy from breaking down complex organic compounds that they must take in from the environment this includes saprobic bacteria found in decaying material, as well as those that rely onfermentationorrespiration. The other group, theautotrophs, fix carbon dioxide to make their own food source; this may be fueled by light energy (photoautotrophic), or by oxidation of nitrogen, sulfur, or other elements (chemoautotrophic). While chemoautotrophs are uncommon, photoautotrophs are common and quite diverse. They include the cyanobacteria, green sulfur bacteria, purple sulfur bacteria, and purple nonsulfur bacteria. The sulfur bacteria are particularly interesting, since they use hydrogen sulfide as hydrogen donor, instead of water like most other photosynthetic organisms, including cyanobacteria. Shapes: There are seven main groups of bacteria, classified according to their shape.Two of the seven types make up the majority of all bacteria. They can be classified as follows: Cocci The gram positive cocci include the well known species Streptococcus and Staphylococcus. Bacteria from both species are considered as friendly bacteria; they are useful and they have functions in the human body and in the environment. Some species can also be pathogenic. Staphylococcus aureus can cause impetigo and scalded skin syndrome, food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome. Streptococcus pyogenes is the culprit usually responsible for tonsillitis and severe sore throats (strep throat), but many other infections maybe caused by it. There are two main types of gram negative cocci, both belongs to the genus Neisseria. Neisseria meningitidis causes a form of meningitis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes the gonorrhea infection(a sexually transmitted infection ). The two species are more commonly called the meningococcus and the gonococcus. Bacilli Gram positive bacilli include Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria, Listeria monocytogenes, found in unpasteurized dairy products and responsible for dangerous infectious in pregnant women, and bacteria from the species Lactobacillus, friendly bacteria found in the gut. This group also includes two of the most dangerous types of bacteria known ever. One of them is the Bacillus species that causes anthrax, and the other one is Clostridium. One Clostridium species causes tetanus, another leads to botulism, it causes food poisoning. Gram negative bacilli are a large and varied group that are divided into different categories. The Entrobacteria include many species that cause food poisoning in humans E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus, and also the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis. The Vibrio group contain bacteria that are shaped more like commas than rods and include the bug that is responsible for cholera. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is also a gram negative bacillus. This bacterium has been identified in the last 25 years as a major cause of stomach ulcers. Other gram negative bacilli are Bordetella pertussis, which causes whooping cough, Haemophila influenza which causes pneumonia, , and Brucella bacteria, which are associated with brucellosis in cattle. The last group is the Bacteroides, a species of bacteria that are very common in the human gut. In fact, they make up a quarter of the dead bacteria in faeces. Why do we Classify Bacteria? The major advantage of the classification of bacteria is to make identification easier. There are many biochemical tests that can separate the different groups and the different species, enabling physicians to make an accurate diagnosis of bacterial infections. Refrences: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/bacterialh.html http://www.answers.com/topic/bacteria http://www.typesofbacteria.co.uk/how-many-types-bacteria-are-there.html http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index;_ylt=AsS0ifALPm4qGWglSNvbTQgjzKIX;_ylv=3?qid=20071007172608AApA2q8 http://www.microbiologybytes.com/introduction/graphics/i5.gif http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccus

United States

The Golden Gate Bridge (California) The Golden Gate Bridge was named one of the â€Å"Seven Wonders of the Modern World† by the American Society of Civil Engineers. The Golden Gate Bridge was built in 1937 to connect the city of San Francisco to Marin County across the Golden Gate Strait. Chicago (Illinois) Welcome to Chicago, America's third largest city and one of its best tourist destinations! Chicago's skyline is quite impressive. Indeed, the city is famous for its architecture. Atlantic City (NEW JERSEY) Atlantic City is a resort town located in South Jersey, New Jersey, USA. The town is famous for its gambling casinos, its boardwalk and its beach. Las Vegas (Nevada) Are you interested in gambling, seeing a show, or perhaps exploring the Hoover Dam and Red Red Rock Canyon? Want to see more of this famous desert city ? Mount Rushmore (South Dakota) Mount Rushmore is located in South Dakota. Carved into the granite wall of Mount Rushmore are the faces of 4 presidents: Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln and Theodore Roosevelt. These presidents symbolize the United States ideals: Washington standing for independence; Jefferson for democracy; Lincoln for equality; and, Roosevelt for the role in world affairs. The Statue of Liberty (New York) The Statue of Liberty is one of the best known American landmarks. It was a gift to the United States from France to commemorate their alliance during the American Revolution. It is located in the New York harbor near Ellis Island. The statue welcomed new immigrants to the United States who entered the country through Ellis Island between 1892 and 1954. The statue is 111 feet, 1 inch tall and made from 225 tons of copper. It was given to the people of the United States by France on July 4, 1884 to commemorate the 100 anniversary of the American Revolution. It was dedicated on October 28, 1886. Liberty Bell – Philadelphia, (Pennsylvania) Also in Philadelphia is the ever popular Liberty Bell. Once housed in Independence Hall, the Liberty Bell now has its own home in a safe building right across the street on the lawn at Independence Mall. Entrance to the hall is free, but all visitors must go through security before entering. The Liberty Bell is open every day except Christmas. Grand Canyon National Park (Arizona) The Grand Canyon is one of the top natural wonders in the world. Nothing compares to seeing it in person, but on the following pages, I will try to impress you with the pictures I took while visiting this National Park. Sedona (Arizona) Sedona is renowned for its beautiful Red Rocks that seem to change color and hue each time you glance their way, and its mystical Vortexes where the soul and energy flows flourish. Big Sur (California) If you want to drive from Los Angeles to San Francisco (or vice versa), you should drive along Highway 1, a road with the most awesome coastal views in the United States. San Francisco (California) For a better understanding of San Francisco's uniqueness among North American cities, let's take a Photographic Tour of a few points of interest which can define it: Fisherman's Wharf, the Union Square, the Civic Center, the Financial District, North Beach, Chinatown, and last but not least, Pacific Heights. Los Angeles (California) The second biggest city in the US is worldwide famous for its attractions. Hollywood, Santa Monica, Venice Beach, Long Beach, Downtown. San Diego (California) The second largest city in California is famous for its nice weather, the Sea World, its Zoo, and its nice beaches. Yosemite National Park (California) Yosemite National Park, Central California, is famous for its granite cliffs, its waterfalls, its streams, its giant sequoias groves, and its bio diversity. Washington, D.C. Landmarks The city of Washington, D.C. is the capital city of the United States of America. The Whitehouse The Whitehouse, located in Washington, D.C., is the home of the United States president. It has been the home for every U.S. president, except George Washington. Construction was started on October 13, 1792, on a site selected by George Washington. The house was not completed until 1800, when President John Adams moved in. The original home was burned by the British in 1814, during the War of 1812. The house was rebuilt and painted white to cover its fire-blackened walls. This is how it got the name the Whitehouse. The Washington Monument The Washington Monument is the tallest structure in Washington, D.C., The Washington Monument was built to honor George Washington, first president of the United States. The monument was completed and dedicated in 1885. It is a white marble structure 555 feet, 5-1/8 inches tall. The Lincoln Memorial The Lincoln Memorial, located in Washington, D.C., was built to honor Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States. Inside the monument is a 19 foot white marble statue of Abraham Lincoln. On the walls are etched the words of his Gettysburg Address calling for unity of the country, â€Å"that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth.† The Capitol Building It is located in Washington, D.C., on Capitol Hill. The Capitol Building is the home of the United States Congress. The Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives, to make laws that govern the country. The Smithsonian Institution The Smithsonian Institution is the largest museum in Washington, D.C. The Smithsonian Institution consists of several museums including: the National Museum of Natural History; the National Air and Space Museum; the National Museum of American Art; and, the National Museum of African Art. War Memorials Washington, D.C. is home to many of the nations war memorials such as the Korean War Memorial, the Iwo Jima Memorial and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. If you ever have the opportunity to visit Washington, D.C., make sure you see these monuments. They are even more impressive in real life. Iwo Jima The Iwo Jima Memorial honors the U.S. Marine and Navy corpsmen at the battle of Iwo Jima at the end of the Second World War. Vietnam Memorial The Vietnam Memorial was built to honor the soldiers who died in the Vietnam War. It is a large black stone wall. On the wall are etched the names of all the United States soldiers who died in the Vietnam War.

Letter from Birmingham, Martin Luther King Jr.

Just Arguments in the Battle against Segregation â€Å"If I have said anything in this letter that overstates the truth and indicates an unreasonable impatience, I beg you to forgive me. If I have said anything that understates the truth and indicates my having patience, I beg God to forgive me† (King 301). Martin Luther King Jr. writes an argumentative letter defending demonstrations against segregation. While serving eight days in prison for participating in protests in Birmingham, King writes his famous â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† (293).King is effective at arguing his case because he provides counter arguments, gives many examples of real life situations, and reflects on statements made. King begins by providing background and explaining the true purpose of non-violent direct-action demonstrations. In the letter, King refutes the arguments made by clergy, which were untimely action, breaking laws, direct-actions precipitate violence, extremist, and commended police. King explains that he traveled to Birmingham to participate in non-violent protest against segregation, stating â€Å"injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere† (289).King responds to the clergy by saying, â€Å"your statement†¦ fails to express a similar concern for the conditions that brought about the demonstrations† (289). King continues by explaining the four basic steps of non-violent direct-action, which are: â€Å"collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist; negotiation; self purification; and direct-action† (290). While providing great detail on the situation and steps taken, King continues to build his argument against the statements made by the clergy. The first statement was that the action taken in Birmingham was untimely.In the letter, King provides great details about the planning and execution of the demonstration, which shows that much thought was placed on the timing of the protest and explained that it was, in fact, not untimely. King uses a very effective method to evoke personal feelings by writing a long list of heart-throbbing experiences of Negro people during segregation (289-292). Next, King refutes the second statement that demonstrators break laws. King explains that â€Å"there are two types of laws: just and unjust† (293). King’s reflecting help the reader understand his arguments (293-294).The third statement from the clergy says the direct-actions precipitate violence. King states he does not advocate breaking the law. However, â€Å"[King] submit[s] that an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect for law† (294). The fourth statement is condemning the actions in Birmingham as extreme. King counters by providing examples where extreme measures were taking to right an injustice, such as with Abe Lincoln and freeing the slaves (296-297).Finally, King addresses how the clergy commended the police force for keeping order. King responds with examples during the demonstrations in which the police acted inhumane (300-301). By providing considered and well formulated arguments, King is effective at arguing his case against segregation. King addresses any possible counter arguments on his stance and does so in great detail. By reflecting on statements made, King allows the reader to fully understand his arguments and point of view. The â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† is an excellently structured argumentative letter against segregation.

Essay on Choosing to Be Happy - 2090 Words

â€Å"Choose to be happy.† This is what mom has always said, since a very young age and still to this day she tells everyone. For so long, it was just â€Å"mom talk†, those things your mother says that is supposed to make you stop and think. Yet, being too young, dumb and full of it, to really understand what she means. Curiosity emerges and suddenly there is a need to understand what it really means to be happy, what constitutes Happiness? So follow up with some research, entering the bookstore, gliding in and out of the rows and rows in the self-help sections are others, asking the same question. What is happiness? Where does it come from, are we born with it or do we make it happen? Happiness is but a belief, an idea, a theory; but theories,†¦show more content†¦Book 1, Ch 9). His concept is directed to an action, suggesting that there are choices with in each action and the end should be good. There are many â€Å"goods† to find in our lives, thi ngs which are intrinsically good and things which are good as being conductive to the intrinsically good. The collective good is derived through virtuous choices. Virtue, then, assists man in obtaining pleasure and is also a form of character not a talent or desire. Aristotles view is that one cannot learn moral virtue; it is always both an external action and an internal characteristic. Since it must be internal as well as external, to be genuine virtues must be a matter of habit sustained over an entire lifetime. Virtuous choices lead to happiness, the highest of all goods achievable by action Aristotle (Ostwald, 1999, pp. Book 1, ch 4), Aristotle views happiness as the highest goal of life. So is he saying that we need to be good for our whole life before we can achieve happiness? Being morally virtuous is a way of leading a happy life. 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